Windows Programming Tutorial

First off if you are reading this tutorial, I am going to assume a few things. Because windows programming is "more advanced" than console programming I am going to have to assume you have a good grasp on C/C++. You need to know what #include's are and how to use them, you need to know how to use arrays and pointers, you need to know how to use switch() and case's, and you need to know what a typedef is. These are things this tutorial will not cover. I will format my code to my style, this to make it easier for me and you to read.

You are also going to need a C/C++ Compiler that supports Windows API. I used Borlands Free C/C++ 5.5 Compiler to compile all of these examples, basically because I am to cheap to get Microsoft Visual C++ and Borland is free alternative. For information on getting a free compiler see the Tools Appendix. For information on how to compile windows programs with the compiler see the Compiler Section.

I like to look at the code and compiled examples before I go over what it all means so after each example I will go over the code to clarify what it means.

1.2 Simple Message
Source - Screen Shot

This first example is here just to make sure that your compiler does support windows.

#include <windows.h> int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { MessageBox (NULL, "Hello World" , "Hello", 0); return 0; }

Put that code in a test file and compile it, any errors you get consult your compilers help files. Now lets go through the code.

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)

WinMain() is the windows equivalent of main() in DOS and UNIX. This is where the program starts. WinMain() takes the following parameters:

hInstance: Identifies the programs current instance (the programs place in the memory)
hPrevInstance: Identifies the previous instance of the application. For a Win32-based application, this parameter is always NULL.
lpCmdLine: All of the command-line arguments in a string (does not include the program name)
nCmdShow: A value that can be passed to ShowWindow()

Many of the keywords and types have windows specific definitions, like UINT is unsigned int and LPSTR is char *, this is intended to increase portability. If you are more comfortable using char * instead of LPSTR, feel free to do so.

MessageBox() is the function that pops up a message box, hence the name. MessageBox() takes the following parameters:

hWnd
lpText
lpCaption
uType

1.3 Simple Window
Source - Screen Shot

On of the first questions that plagues a new windows programmer is "How Do I make A Window?" Well I am afraid that the answer is not entirely simple. Here is the source for a simple window.

#include <windows.h> LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); static char gszClassName[] = "MyWindowClass"; static HINSTANCE ghInstance = NULL; int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { WNDCLASSEX WndClass; HWND hwnd; MSG Msg; ghInstance = hInstance; WndClass.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); WndClass.style = NULL; WndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; WndClass.cbClsExtra = 0; WndClass.cbWndExtra = 0; WndClass.hInstance = ghInstance; WndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); WndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); WndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); WndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL; WndClass.lpszClassName = gszClassName; WndClass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); if(!RegisterClassEx(&WndClass)) { MessageBox(0, "Window Registration Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } hwnd = CreateWindowEx( WS_EX_STATICEDGE, gszClassName, "Windows Title", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 320, 240, NULL, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); if(hwnd == NULL) { MessageBox(0, "Window Creation Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow); UpdateWindow(hwnd); while(GetMessage(&Msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage(&Msg); DispatchMessage(&Msg); } return Msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { switch(Message) { case WM_CLOSE: DestroyWindow(hwnd); break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0); break; default: return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam); } return 0; }

As you can see its a good 70 or so lines to make a simple window.

Windows Programs unlike DOS or UNIX programs are event driven. Windows programs generaly stay idle untill they recive a message, they act on that message, and then wait for the next one. When a windows program does respond to a message its called handling the message.

As you see I decalred my WiinProc function so that it can be used later on. I decalerd my variables (I prfer to use Hungarian Notation, but you can use what you want).

Inside the function WiNmain() we see some new variables. These are WndClass, hwnd, and msg. The WndClass is the structure that holds all of the widnows class information which is later passed to RegisterClassEx(). The hwnd structure identifies the window. The msg structure contains message information from a thread's message queue. The next thing we come to is when the hInstance is made global in the variable ghInstance. After that we come to the defining of each of the WndClass settings:

cbSize: Is the size (in bytes) of this structure. Always set this to sizeof(WNDCLASSEX).
style: The Class style sof the window. Usually net to NULL.
lpfnWndProc: This points to the windows callback procedure.
cbClsExtra: Amount of extra data allocated for this class in memory. Usually 0.
cbWndExtra: Amount of extra data allocated in memory per window. Usually 0.
hInstance: This is the handle for the window instance.
hIcon: The icon shown when the user presses Alt-Tab. We will worry about this more when we get into resources.
hCursor: The cursor that will be displayed when the mouse is over our window. We will worry about this more when we get into resources.
hbrBackground: The brush to set the color of our window.
lpszMenuName: Name of the menu resource to use. We will worry about this more when we get into resources.
lpszClassName: Name to identify the class with.
hIconSm: The small icon shown in the taskbar and in the top-left corner. We will worry about this more when we get into resources.

After that the next thing we do is register our window class. The program registers it and if it tell the user in an message box. Then we have the defineation of hwnd. This is what we will later pass on to ShowWindow(). Here are what parameters CreateWindowEx() takes:

dwExStyle: This tells it what style of window we want (In the example I used a plain static window)
lpClassName: This points to our class name we came up with earlier.
lpWindowName: This is the text that will apear in the title bar of out window.
dwStyle: This tells tells what style of window we are creating.
x: The inital horizontal starting position of the window (Set this to CW_USEDEFAULT if you want windows to pick a place)
y: The inital verticle starting position of the window (Set this to CW_USEDEFAULT if you want windows to pick a place)
nWidth: The width of the window (In pixels)
nHeight: The heighth of the window (In pixels)
hWndParent: The handle of the parent window (If one does not exist this is NULL)
hMenu: I dentifies a menu for the window (Only appleys if its a child window)
hInstance: Points to the hInstance of the window.
lpParam: Points to a value passed to the window through the CREATESTRUCT structure (I have never found a use for this, but I am sure one exists)

ShowWindow() sets the specified window's show state. UpdateWindow() updates the client area of the specified window by sending a WM_PAINT message to the window. The while loop will set our program to loop untill the WM_QUIT Message is recived. TranslateMessage() translates virtual-key messages into character messages. DispatchMessage() dispatches a message to a window procedure.

Now we get to probably the most important part of the program. The CallBack Procedure. What this is is a function with a giant switch() statment to switch off what each message should do (Sometimes this is a bunch of if's). Our callback takes the following parameters:

hwnd: Identifies the window.
uMsg: Specifies the message.
wParam: Specifies additional message information. The contents of this parameter depend on the value of the uMsg parameter.
lParam: Specifies additional message information. The contents of this parameter depend on the value of the uMsg parameter.

In our switch statment we see the first case is WM_CLOSE. This message tells us our use tried clicking the X in the corner or they press Alt-F4. Here we can prompt them to save or any other action we need to do. Then we call DestroyWindow(hwnd). Destroy Window takes one parameter:

hWnd: Identifies the window to be destroyed.

DestroyWindow() will sent the WM_DESTROY Message to our program, here we call PostQuitMessage(0). PostQuitMessage() takes one parameter:

nExitCode: Specifies an application exit code. This value is used as the wParam parameter of the WM_QUIT message.

PostQuitMessage() Will then send out the message WM_QUIT, but we will never get this message. WM_QUIT will cause the loop to return 0 and to exit the loop and also close our application.

1.4 Text
Source - Screen Shot

Now most windows programmers (including myself) never memorize much of that. We usually take a simple window application like that and use it as a skelaton for all of our new applications, adding what we need and changning things. This is what I am going to do throughout the entire tutorial. I will take this code form the last section and I will reuse it in all outher applications that have a window. Now next up how do we write text to our window? This to is not as simple as it may seem.

#include <windows.h> LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); static char gszClassName[] = "MyWindowClass"; static HINSTANCE ghInstance = NULL; int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { WNDCLASSEX WndClass; HWND hwnd; MSG Msg; ghInstance = hInstance; WndClass.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); WndClass.style = NULL; WndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; WndClass.cbClsExtra = 0; WndClass.cbWndExtra = 0; WndClass.hInstance = ghInstance; WndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); WndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); WndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); WndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL; WndClass.lpszClassName = gszClassName; WndClass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); if(!RegisterClassEx(&WndClass)) { MessageBox(0, "Window Registration Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } hwnd = CreateWindowEx( WS_EX_STATICEDGE, gszClassName, "Windows Title", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 320, 240, NULL, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); if(hwnd == NULL) { MessageBox(0, "Window Creation Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow); UpdateWindow(hwnd); while(GetMessage(&Msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage(&Msg); DispatchMessage(&Msg); } return Msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { HDC hdc; PAINTSTRUCT ps; LPSTR szMessage = "Hello World"; switch(Message) { case WM_PAINT: hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps); TextOut(hdc, 70, 50, szMessage, strlen(szMessage)); EndPaint(hwnd, &ps); break; case WM_CLOSE: DestroyWindow(hwnd); break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0); break; default: return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam); } return 0; }

This prints Hello World out on the screen, not very interesting I know, but we are learning. First to exapling what I added. At the top of the WinProc I added a few variables. hdc Identifies the display DC to be used for painting. ps is our paint structure the PAINTSTRUCT structure contains information for an application. This information can be used to paint the client area of a window owned by that application. message is just a simple character array that hold our message.

After that we can see i also added another case. Remember when I said above in Section 1.3 how the UpdateWidnow() send the message WM_PAINT, well here we can use it. First we tell hdc to recive painting information from BeginPaint(). BeginPaint() takes the following parameters:

hwnd: Identifies the window to be painted.
pPaint: Pointer to the PAINTSTRUCT structure that will receive painting information.

Then we use TextOut() to print text to the screen. TextOut() takes the following parameters:

hdc: Identifies the device context.
nXStart: Specifies the logical x-coordinate of the reference point that Windows uses to align the string.
nYStart: Specifies the logical y-coordinate of the reference point that Windows uses to align the string.
lpString: Points to the string to be printe dout (The string does not have to be \0 terminated, because cbString is the length)
cbString: Specifies the number of characters in the string.

Then EndPaint() tells the program to stop painting the screen. EndPaint() takes the following parameters:

hwnd: Identifies the window that was painted.
lpPaint: Points to a PAINTSTRUCT structure that contains the painting information retrieved by BeginPaint.

1.5 Menus

When programming there are usually a few ways to do things, making a windows menu is no different. I am going to go over the two main ways you can make a menu. I will have each one make the same menu but it will show you different ways of doing things.

1.5.1 Resources
Source - Screen Shot

Resources is probably the simplest way of making a menu. The menu is predefined in a resource file (always something.rc). The resource files are compiled by the resource compiler and linked to the program when the linker runs. This is the first program where I am also going to throw other files besides the source files in. There will be a resource file (*.rc) and a header file (*.h) in the zip along with a make file. Type make when you are in the directory of the source and Borlands should compile and link it all in the right order.

#define ID_FILE_NEW           1000 #define ID_FILE_OPEN          1001 #define ID_FILE_SAVE          1002 #define ID_FILE_EXIT          1003 #define ID_DO_SOMETHING       1004 #define ID_DO_SOMETHING_ELSE 1005 #define ID_HELP_ABOUT         1006

That is our header file. Here we just define all of the id's we are going to use so that we can just include this in both the resource file and the source file.

#include "section_1_5_1.h" ID_MENU MENU DISCARDABLE BEGIN         POPUP "&File"         BEGIN                 MENUITEM "&New",             ID_FILE_NEW                 MENUITEM "&Open",            ID_FILE_OPEN                 MENUITEM "&Save",            ID_FILE_SAVE                 MENUITEM SEPARATOR                 MENUITEM "E&xit",            ID_FILE_EXIT         END         POPUP "&Do"         BEGIN                 MENUITEM "&Something",       ID_DO_SOMETHING                 MENUITEM "Something &Else", ID_DO_SOMETHING_ELSE         END         POPUP "&Help"         BEGIN                 MENUITEM "&About",           ID_HELP_ABOUT         END END

This is our resource file. Here we are derfining the layout of the menus and giving them message id's. These message id's have to be defined in both the resource file and the source file. This is why we use a header file to define them and then we just include the header file.

#include <windows.h> #include "section_1_5_1.h" LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); static char gszClassName[] = "MyWindowClass"; static HINSTANCE ghInstance = NULL; int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {         WNDCLASSEX WndClass;         HWND hwnd;         MSG Msg;         ghInstance = hInstance;         WndClass.cbSize        = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);         WndClass.style         = NULL;         WndClass.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc;         WndClass.cbClsExtra    = 0;         WndClass.cbWndExtra    = 0;         WndClass.hInstance     = ghInstance;         WndClass.hIcon         = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);         WndClass.hCursor       = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);         WndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1);         WndClass.lpszMenuName = "ID_MENU";         WndClass.lpszClassName = gszClassName;         WndClass.hIconSm       = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);         if(!RegisterClassEx(&WndClass)) {                 MessageBox(0, "Window Registration Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK);                 return 0;         }         hwnd = CreateWindowEx(                 WS_EX_STATICEDGE,                 gszClassName,                 "Windows Title",                 WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,                 CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,                 320, 240,                 NULL, NULL,                 ghInstance,                 NULL);         if(hwnd == NULL) {                 MessageBox(0, "Window Creation Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK);                 return 0;         }         ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow);         UpdateWindow(hwnd);         while(GetMessage(&Msg, NULL, 0, 0)) {                 TranslateMessage(&Msg);                 DispatchMessage(&Msg);         }         return Msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {         switch(Message) {                 case WM_CLOSE:                         DestroyWindow(hwnd);                         break;                 case WM_DESTROY:                         PostQuitMessage(0);                         break;                 case WM_COMMAND:                         switch(LOWORD(wParam)) {                                 case ID_FILE_NEW:                                         MessageBox(hwnd, "New File", "Menu", 0);                                         break;                                 case ID_FILE_OPEN:                                         MessageBox(hwnd, "Open File", "Menu", 0);                                         break;                                 case ID_FILE_SAVE:                                         MessageBox(hwnd, "Save File", "Menu", 0);                                         break;                                 case ID_FILE_EXIT:                                         PostQuitMessage(0);                                 case ID_DO_SOMETHING:                                         MessageBox(hwnd, "Do Something", "Menu", 0);                                         break;                                 case ID_DO_SOMETHING_ELSE:                                         MessageBox(hwnd, "Do Something Else", "Menu", 0);                                         break;                                 case ID_HELP_ABOUT:                                         MessageBox(hwnd, "Written By AZTEK", "About", 0);                                         break;                         }                         break;                 default:                         return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam);         }         return 0; }

You see we changed the WndClass.lpszMenuName to what the name for our menu is. Then we added WM_COMMAND. This is the message that is posted when the user clicks a menu item. The ID of the item is sent with the message. We use LOWORD() to get the message from the lower owrd of the 32-bit. LOWORD() takes the following parameter:

dwValue: The value to get the low word from.

The next part will look to see what to do from the cases. If the user selects Exit it tells the program to do a PostQuitMessage(). None of this should be new. We already went over message boxes and the PostQuitMessage function.

1.5.2 On The Spot
Source - Screen Shot

Using resource menus are great if you have a menu that won't change. Some applications although require menus that can be made on the spot. This might be used to add or delete items from the menu or to make some items gray.

#define ID_FILE_NEW 1000 #define ID_FILE_OPEN 1001 #define ID_FILE_SAVE 1002 #define ID_FILE_EXIT 1003 #define ID_DO_SOMETHING 1004 #define ID_DO_SOMETHING_ELSE 1005 #define ID_HELP_ABOUT 1006

Since we are making an identicle program we will use the same header file as above.

#include <windows.h> #include "section_1_5_2.h" LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); static char gszClassName[] = "MyWindowClass"; static HINSTANCE ghInstance = NULL; int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { WNDCLASSEX WndClass; HWND hwnd; MSG Msg; ghInstance = hInstance; WndClass.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); WndClass.style = NULL; WndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; WndClass.cbClsExtra = 0; WndClass.cbWndExtra = 0; WndClass.hInstance = ghInstance; WndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); WndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); WndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); WndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL; WndClass.lpszClassName = gszClassName; WndClass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); if(!RegisterClassEx(&WndClass)) { MessageBox(0, "Window Registration Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } hwnd = CreateWindowEx( WS_EX_STATICEDGE, gszClassName, "Windows Title", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 320, 240, NULL, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); if(hwnd == NULL) { MessageBox(0, "Window Creation Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow); UpdateWindow(hwnd); while(GetMessage(&Msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage(&Msg); DispatchMessage(&Msg); } return Msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { HMENU hMenu, hSubMenu; switch(Message) { case WM_CLOSE: DestroyWindow(hwnd); break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0); break; case WM_CREATE: hMenu = CreateMenu(); hSubMenu = CreatePopupMenu(); AppendMenu(hSubMenu, MF_STRING, ID_FILE_NEW, "&New"); AppendMenu(hSubMenu, MF_STRING, ID_FILE_OPEN, "&Open"); AppendMenu(hSubMenu, MF_STRING, ID_FILE_SAVE, "&Save"); AppendMenu(hSubMenu, MF_SEPARATOR, 0, 0); AppendMenu(hSubMenu, MF_STRING, ID_FILE_EXIT, "E&xit"); AppendMenu(hMenu, MF_STRING | MF_POPUP, (UINT)hSubMenu, "&File"); hSubMenu = CreatePopupMenu(); AppendMenu(hSubMenu, MF_STRING, ID_DO_SOMETHING, "&Something"); AppendMenu(hSubMenu, MF_STRING, ID_DO_SOMETHING_ELSE, "Something &Else"); AppendMenu(hMenu, MF_STRING | MF_POPUP, (UINT)hSubMenu, "&Do"); hSubMenu = CreatePopupMenu(); AppendMenu(hSubMenu, MF_STRING, ID_HELP_ABOUT, "&About"); AppendMenu(hMenu, MF_STRING | MF_POPUP, (UINT)hSubMenu, "&Help"); SetMenu(hwnd, hMenu); break; case WM_COMMAND: switch(LOWORD(wParam)) { case ID_FILE_NEW: MessageBox(hwnd, "New File", "Menu", 0); break; case ID_FILE_OPEN: MessageBox(hwnd, "Open File", "Menu", 0); break; case ID_FILE_SAVE: MessageBox(hwnd, "Save File", "Menu", 0); break; case ID_FILE_EXIT: PostQuitMessage(0); case ID_DO_SOMETHING: MessageBox(hwnd, "Do Something", "Menu", 0); break; case ID_DO_SOMETHING_ELSE: MessageBox(hwnd, "Do Something Else", "Menu", 0); break; case ID_HELP_ABOUT: MessageBox(hwnd, "Written By AZTEK", "About", 0); break; } break; default: return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam); } return 0; }

At the top you may notice I set WndClass.lpszMenuName back to NULL. Thats because we are making the menu on the spot and don't need the resource file. First you might notice we added WM_CREATE. This is the message sent when the window is first created. We also declared two varibales of the type HMENU. You see that we set hMenu to CreateMenu(). This will start the whole menu. Then you see we set hSubMenu to CreatePopupMenu(). This will make a blank individual sub menu. We need to fill it. You see we call AppendMenu() to add items to our menus. AppendMenu() takes the following parameters:

hMenu: Identifies the menu bar.
uFlags: Specifies flags to control the appearance and behavior of the new menu item. This parameter can be a combination of values.
uIDNewItem: Specifies either the identifier of the new menu item or, if the uFlags parameter is set to MF_POPUP, the handle to the drop-down menu or submenu.
lpNewItem: Specifies the content of the new menu item.

After that we see SetMenu(), this is what actually displays the menu. SetMenu() takes the following parameters:

hWnd: Identifies the window to which the menu is to be assigned.
hMenu: Identifies the new menu. If this parameter is NULL, the window's current menu is removed.

1.6 Dialogs
Source - Screen Shot

Dialogs are a special kind of windows message box where you have a lot more control than just a title and some text. In dialogs you can have edit boxes, check boxes, icons, bitmaps, change colors, etc. It is easiest to design dialog boxes using a resource editor, you can find some in the Tools Section.

#define ID_FILE_EXIT   1000 #define ID_HELP_ABOUT 1001 #define IDOK           2000 #define IDEMAIL        2001 #define IDAZTEK        2003 #define IDBSRF         2004

This is our header file.

#include "section_1_6.h" ABOUTDLG DIALOG 19, 17, 182, 71 STYLE DS_MODALFRAME | WS_POPUP | WS_VISIBLE | WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU CAPTION "About" FONT 8, "MS Sans Serif" BEGIN         CTEXT         "Written by AZTEK", 101, 17, 30, 81, 11         GROUPBOX      "About", 102, 11, 11, 95, 48, WS_TABSTOP         DEFPUSHBUTTON "&Ok", IDOK, 112, 6, 64, 14         PUSHBUTTON    "&E-mail AZTEK", IDEMAIL, 112, 21, 64, 14         PUSHBUTTON    "Visit &AZTEK", IDAZTEK, 112, 36, 64, 14         PUSHBUTTON    "Visit &Blacksun", IDBSRF, 112, 51, 64, 14 END ID_MENU MENU BEGIN         POPUP "&File"         BEGIN                 MENUITEM "E&xit", ID_FILE_EXIT         END         POPUP "&Help"         BEGIN                 MENUITEM "&About", ID_HELP_ABOUT         END END

This is our resource file. Next the ABOUTDLG DIALOG there are the diameters of our popup dialog box. The next line decalres some styles for the dialog. The third line is the caption or what will appear in the title bar of our window. The FONT 8, "MS Sans Serif" just states 8 point type in the font MS Sans Serif. CTEXT starts some standard text for our dialog. Group box just adds the frame aorund the text. Then DEFPUSHBUTTON decalres the default push button. The rest of the PUSHBUTTON's decalre normal pushable buttons. Now for our source file.

#include <windows.h> #include "section_1_6.h" LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); BOOL CALLBACK DlgProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); static char gszClassName[] = "MyWindowClass"; static HINSTANCE ghInstance = NULL; int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {         WNDCLASSEX WndClass;         HWND hwnd;         MSG Msg;         ghInstance = hInstance;         WndClass.cbSize        = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);         WndClass.style         = NULL;         WndClass.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc;         WndClass.cbClsExtra    = 0;         WndClass.cbWndExtra    = 0;         WndClass.hInstance     = ghInstance;         WndClass.hIcon         = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);         WndClass.hCursor       = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);         WndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1);         WndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL;         WndClass.lpszClassName = gszClassName;         WndClass.hIconSm       = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);         if(!RegisterClassEx(&WndClass)) {                 MessageBox(0, "Window Registration Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK);                 return 0;         }         hwnd = CreateWindowEx(                 WS_EX_STATICEDGE,                 gszClassName,                 "Windows Title",                 WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,                 CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,                 320, 240,                 NULL, NULL,                 ghInstance,                 NULL);         if(hwnd == NULL) {                 MessageBox(0, "Window Creation Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK);                 return 0;         }         ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow);         UpdateWindow(hwnd);         while(GetMessage(&Msg, NULL, 0, 0)) {                 TranslateMessage(&Msg);                 DispatchMessage(&Msg);         }         return Msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {         switch(Message) {                 case WM_COMMAND:                         switch(LOWORD(wParam)) {                                 case ID_FILE_EXIT:                                         PostMessage(hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0);                                         break;                                 case ID_HELP_ABOUT:                                         DialogBox(ghInstance, "ABOUTDLG", hwnd, DlgProc);                                         break;                         }                         break;                 case WM_CLOSE:                         DestroyWindow(hwnd);                         break;                 case WM_DESTROY:                         PostQuitMessage(0);                         break;                 default:                         return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam);         }         return 0; } BOOL CALLBACK DlgProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {         switch(Message) {                 case WM_INITDIALOG:                         return TRUE;                 case WM_COMMAND:                         switch(LOWORD(wParam)) {                                 case IDOK:                                         EndDialog(hwnd, IDOK);                                         return TRUE;                                 case IDEMAIL:                                         ShellExecute(hwnd, "open", "mailto:[email protected]", 0, 0, 0);                                         EndDialog(hwnd, IDEMAIL);                                         return TRUE;                                 case IDAZTEK:                                         ShellExecute(hwnd, "open", "http://aztek.faction7.com", 0, 0, 0);                                         EndDialog(hwnd, IDAZTEK);                                         return TRUE;                                 case IDBSRF:                                         ShellExecute(hwnd, "open", "http://blacksun.box.sk", 0, 0, 0);                                         EndDialog(hwnd, IDBSRF);                                         return TRUE;                         }                         break;         }         return FALSE; }

You will notice I added a new function, DlgProc(). This is known as the Dailog Procedure. This function although it returns the Boolen type takes the same parameters as WndProc(). This function is alot like the WndProc() function, it recives and acts on the messages for the dialog. We call DialogBox() to create the dialog. DialogBox() takes the following parameters:

hInstance: Handle to the windows instance.
lpTemplate: Identifies the dialog box template. Usually a null-terminated string.
hWndParent: Identifies the parent window of the dialog box.
pDialogFunc: Points to the window procedure for the Dialog Box

To end the dialog we use the function EndDialog(). EndDialog() takes the following parameters:

hDlg: Identifies the dialog box to be destroyed.
nResult: Specifies the value to be returned to the application.

What value you choose to give to nResult will be returned by the function DialogBox(). We use the function ShellExecute() to open the defualt e-mail and browser programs. ShellExecute() takes the following parameters:

hwnd: Specifies a parent window. This window receives any message boxes that an application produces.
lpOperation: Pointer to a null-terminated string that specifies the operation to perform.
lpFile: Pointer to a null-terminated string that specifies the file to open or print or the folder to open or explore.
lpParameters: If lpFile specifies an executable file, lpParameters is a pointer to a null-terminated string that specifies parameters to be passed to the application.
lpDirectory: Pointer to a null-terminated string that specifies the default directory.
nShowCmd: If lpFile specifies an executable file, nShowCmd specifies how the application is to be shown when it is opened.

1.7 Controls
Source - Screen Shot

Controls are just child windows like buttons, checkboxess, edit boxes, etc. For each control we make a new window using CreateWindowEx() but these are childs of the first main window and not new windows.

#include <windows.h> LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); static char gszClassName[] = "MyWindowClass"; static HINSTANCE ghInstance = NULL; int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { WNDCLASSEX WndClass; HWND hwnd; MSG Msg; ghInstance = hInstance; WndClass.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); WndClass.style = NULL; WndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; WndClass.cbClsExtra = 0; WndClass.cbWndExtra = 0; WndClass.hInstance = ghInstance; WndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); WndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); WndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); WndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL; WndClass.lpszClassName = gszClassName; WndClass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); if(!RegisterClassEx(&WndClass)) { MessageBox(0, "Window Registration Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } hwnd = CreateWindowEx( WS_EX_STATICEDGE, gszClassName, "Windows Title", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 320, 240, NULL, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); if(hwnd == NULL) { MessageBox(0, "Window Creation Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow); UpdateWindow(hwnd); while(GetMessage(&Msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage(&Msg); DispatchMessage(&Msg); } return Msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { HWND hButton, hCombo, hEdit, hList, hScroll, hStatic; switch(Message) { case WM_CREATE: hButton = CreateWindowEx( NULL, "Button", "Button", WS_BORDER | WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | BS_PUSHBUTTON, 0, 0, 100, 30, hwnd, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); hCombo = CreateWindowEx( NULL, "ComboBox", "", WS_BORDER | WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | CBS_DROPDOWNLIST, 0, 30, 100, 100, hwnd, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); hEdit = CreateWindowEx( NULL, "Edit", "Edit", WS_BORDER | WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 0, 60, 100, 30, hwnd, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); hList = CreateWindowEx( NULL, "ListBox", "", WS_BORDER | WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 100, 0, 100, 200, hwnd, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); hScroll = CreateWindowEx( NULL, "ScrollBar", "", WS_BORDER | WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | SBS_VERT, 210, 0, 100, 200, hwnd, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); hStatic = CreateWindowEx( NULL, "Static", "", WS_BORDER | WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | SS_BLACKRECT, 0, 90, 100, 30, hwnd, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); break; case WM_CLOSE: DestroyWindow(hwnd); break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0); break; default: return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam); } return 0; }

In this example add some very simple controls to this window. There are many other controls you can use but these are the most simple and easy ones to add. Lokk in your windows programming help files for how to recive and send messages to these controls we added.

2. Intermediate

2.1 Bitmaps

In this section I will discus how to display a bitmap file in your program. The first way I will discus is the static way using a resource. The second way is to do it dynamicly using a actual bitmap file. Throughout our examples here I will use this bitmap file.

2.1.1 Resource
Source - Screen Shot

Using a bitmap from a resource file is probbaly the best way to do it unless you need the expandibility of a dynamic bitmap file.

#define IDB_BITMAP1 1000

This is are header file.

#include "section_2_1_1.h" IDB_BITMAP1 BITMAP "bitmap.bmp"

Now for our source code.

#include <windows.h> #include "section_2_1_1.h" LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); static char gszClassName[] = "MyWindowClass"; static HINSTANCE ghInstance = NULL; int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { WNDCLASSEX WndClass; HWND hwnd; MSG Msg; ghInstance = hInstance; WndClass.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); WndClass.style = NULL; WndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; WndClass.cbClsExtra = 0; WndClass.cbWndExtra = 0; WndClass.hInstance = ghInstance; WndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); WndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); WndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); WndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL; WndClass.lpszClassName = gszClassName; WndClass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); if(!RegisterClassEx(&WndClass)) { MessageBox(0, "Window Registration Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } hwnd = CreateWindowEx( WS_EX_STATICEDGE, gszClassName, "Windows Title", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 320, 240, NULL, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); if(hwnd == NULL) { MessageBox(0, "Window Creation Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow); UpdateWindow(hwnd); while(GetMessage(&Msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage(&Msg); DispatchMessage(&Msg); } return Msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { HBITMAP hBitmap; HWND hBmpStat; switch(Message) { case WM_CREATE: hBitmap = LoadBitmap(ghInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDB_BITMAP1)); hBmpStat = CreateWindowEx( NULL, "Static", "", WS_VISIBLE | WS_CHILD | SS_BITMAP, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwnd, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); SendMessage(hBmpStat, STM_SETIMAGE, IMAGE_BITMAP, (LPARAM) hBitmap); break; case WM_CLOSE: DestroyWindow(hwnd); break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0); break; default: return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam); } return 0; }

We use a new resource type BITMAP in our resource file. We use the type HBITMAP to define a variable to hold all of the information for loading the bitmap. We give hBitmap the value returned by LoadBitmap(). The function LoadBitmap() takes the following parameters:

hInstance: The instance of the current window.
lpszBitmapName: Points to a null-terminated string that contains the name of the bitmap resource to be loaded. We will use the macro MAKEINTRESOURCE()

The macro MAKEINTRESOURCE() takes the following parameters:

wInteger: Specifies the integer value to be converted.

You will notice that we also have to define a new static child window. This static window has the style SS_BITMAP. Then we use the function SendMessage() to tell the window to display the bitmap. The function SendMessage() takes the following parameters:

hWnd: Identifies the window whose window procedure will receive the message.
Msg: Specifies the message to be sent.
wParam: Specifies additional message-specific information.
lParam: Specifies additional message-specific information.

2.1.2 From a File
Source - Screen Shot

Loading a bitmap from a file is alot like loading one from a resource, in fact there is actually only 1 line change.

#include <windows.h> LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); static char gszClassName[] = "MyWindowClass"; static HINSTANCE ghInstance = NULL; int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { WNDCLASSEX WndClass; HWND hwnd; MSG Msg; ghInstance = hInstance; WndClass.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); WndClass.style = NULL; WndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; WndClass.cbClsExtra = 0; WndClass.cbWndExtra = 0; WndClass.hInstance = ghInstance; WndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); WndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); WndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); WndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL; WndClass.lpszClassName = gszClassName; WndClass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); if(!RegisterClassEx(&WndClass)) { MessageBox(0, "Window Registration Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } hwnd = CreateWindowEx( WS_EX_STATICEDGE, gszClassName, "Windows Title", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 320, 240, NULL, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); if(hwnd == NULL) { MessageBox(0, "Window Creation Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow); UpdateWindow(hwnd); while(GetMessage(&Msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage(&Msg); DispatchMessage(&Msg); } return Msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { HBITMAP hBitmap; HWND hBmpStat; switch(Message) { case WM_CREATE: hBitmap = (HBITMAP) LoadImage(NULL, "bitmap.bmp", IMAGE_BITMAP, 0, 0, LR_LOADFROMFILE); hBmpStat = CreateWindowEx( NULL, "Static", "", WS_VISIBLE | WS_CHILD | SS_BITMAP, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwnd, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); SendMessage(hBmpStat, STM_SETIMAGE, IMAGE_BITMAP, (LPARAM) hBitmap); break; case WM_CLOSE: DestroyWindow(hwnd); break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0); break; default: return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam); } return 0; }

You can see we only changed 1 line from LoadBitmap() to LoadImage(). The function LoadImage() takes the following parameters:

hInstance: The instance of the current procedure.
lpszName: Identifies the image to load.
uType: Specifies the type of image to be loaded.
cxDesired: Specifies the width, if this parameter is zero and LR_DEFAULTSIZE is not used, the function uses the actual image width.
cyDesired: Specifies the height, if this parameter is zero and LR_DEFAULTSIZE is not used, the function uses the actual image width.
fuLoad: Specifies additional flags for the image.

2.2 System Tray
Source - Screen Shot

The "Big Thing" for windows programs right now seems to be to put a icon in the system tray. In this next example we will go over putting a icon in in the system tray and having a menu pop up when the user right clicks on the icon.

#include "section_2_2.h" IDI_ICON1 ICON "icon.ico"

Here is our resource file.

#define WM_TRAYNOTIFY (WM_USER + 1000) #define IDI_ICON1 1000 #define IDC_TRAYICON 1001 #define IDM_EXIT 1002 #define IDM_ABOUT 1003

Our header file.

#include <windows.h> #include "section_2_2.h" LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); static char gszClassName[] = "MyWindowClass"; static HINSTANCE ghInstance = NULL; HMENU hMenu; int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { WNDCLASSEX WndClass; HWND hwnd; MSG Msg; ghInstance = hInstance; WndClass.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); WndClass.style = NULL; WndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; WndClass.cbClsExtra = 0; WndClass.cbWndExtra = 0; WndClass.hInstance = ghInstance; WndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); WndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); WndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); WndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL; WndClass.lpszClassName = gszClassName; WndClass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); if(!RegisterClassEx(&WndClass)) { MessageBox(0, "Window Registration Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } hwnd = CreateWindowEx( WS_EX_STATICEDGE, gszClassName, "Windows Title", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 320, 240, NULL, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); if(hwnd == NULL) { MessageBox(0, "Window Creation Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow); UpdateWindow(hwnd); while(GetMessage(&Msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage(&Msg); DispatchMessage(&Msg); } return Msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { NOTIFYICONDATA notifyIconData; switch(Message) { case WM_CREATE: notifyIconData.cbSize = sizeof(NOTIFYICONDATA); notifyIconData.hWnd = hwnd; notifyIconData.uID = IDC_TRAYICON; notifyIconData.uFlags = NIF_MESSAGE | NIF_ICON | NIF_TIP; notifyIconData.uCallbackMessage = WM_TRAYNOTIFY; notifyIconData.hIcon = (HICON) LoadImage( ghInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDI_ICON1), IMAGE_ICON, 16, 16, NULL); lstrcpyn(notifyIconData.szTip, "Tray Icon", sizeof(notifyIconData.szTip)); Shell_NotifyIcon(NIM_ADD, &notifyIconData); hMenu = CreatePopupMenu(); AppendMenu(hMenu, MF_STRING, IDM_EXIT, "E&xit"); AppendMenu(hMenu, MF_SEPARATOR, NULL, NULL); AppendMenu(hMenu, MF_STRING, IDM_ABOUT, "&About"); break; case WM_TRAYNOTIFY: switch(wParam) { case IDC_TRAYICON: switch(lParam) { case WM_LBUTTONDOWN: case WM_RBUTTONDOWN: POINT point; GetCursorPos(&point); SetForegroundWindow(hwnd); TrackPopupMenu(hMenu, TPM_RIGHTALIGN, point.x, point.y, NULL, hwnd, NULL); SendMessage(hwnd, WM_NULL, NULL, NULL); break; } break; } break; case WM_COMMAND: switch(wParam) { case IDM_EXIT: SendMessage(hwnd, WM_CLOSE, NULL, NULL); break; case IDM_ABOUT: MessageBox( hwnd, "Example of a windows system tray program\r\nWritten by AZTEK", "About", NULL); break; break; } break; case WM_CLOSE: DestroyWindow(hwnd); break; case WM_DESTROY: notifyIconData.cbSize = sizeof(NOTIFYICONDATA); notifyIconData.hWnd = hwnd; notifyIconData.uID = IDC_TRAYICON; Shell_NotifyIcon(NIM_DELETE, &notifyIconData); DestroyMenu(hMenu); PostQuitMessage(0); break; default: return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam); } return 0; }

You see we use a new resource type ICON. In our header file we define our messages. We use the NOTIFYICONDATA structure to hold the data that initilize the tray icon. The structure NOTIFYICONDATA has the following settings:

cbSize: Size of the NOTIFYICONDATA structure.
hWnd: Handle of the window that receives notification messages associated with an icon in the taskbar status area.
uID: Application-defined identifier of the taskbar icon.
uFlags: Array of flags that indicate which of the other members contain valid data.
uCallbackMessage: Application-defined message identifier. The system uses the specified identifier for notification messages that it sends to the window identified by hWnd whenever a mouse event occurs in the bounding rectangle of the icon.
hIcon: Handle of the icon to add, modify, or delete.
szTip: Tooltip text to display for the icon.

I will not go into the function lstrcpyn() since its a common C function and should be known aleady. We use the function Shell_NotifyIcon() to add/delete the icon from the tray. The function Shell_NotifyIcon() takes the following parameters:

dwMessage: Identifier of the message to send.
pnid: Pointer to a NOTIFYICONDATA structure. The content of the structure depends on the value of dwMessage.

We will use the POINT structure to hold data recived from GetCursorPos(). The structure POINT takes the following settings:

x
y

The function GetCursorPos() finds the cordinates of the mouse pointer and puts the data in a givin POINT structure. The function GetCurorPos() takes the following parameter:

lpPoint: Points to a POINT structure that receives the screen coordinates of the cursor.

The function SetForgroundWindow() sets what ever hwnd givin to the front and makes it the active window. The function SetForgroundWindow() takes the following parameter:

hWnd: Identifies the window that should be activated and brought to the foreground.

We use the function TrackPopupMenu() to popup and show the shortcut menu hMenu. The function TrackPopupMenu() takes the following parameters:

hMenu: Identifies the shortcut menu to be displayed.
uFlags: A set of bit flags that specify function options.
x: Specifies the horizontal location of the shortcut menu, in screen coordinates.
y: Specifies the vertical location of the shortcut menu, in screen coordinates.
nReserved: Reserved; must be zero.
hWnd: Identifies the window that owns the shortcut menu. This window receives all messages from the menu. The window does not receive a WM_COMMAND message from the menu until the function returns.
prcRect: Points to a RECT structure that specifies the portion of the screen in which the user can select without dismissing the shortcut menu. If this parameter is NULL, the shortcut menu is dismissed if the user clicks outside the shortcut menu.

Then we use SendMessage() to send the window a NULL message. When we recive the WM_DESTROY message we use the Shell_NotifyIcon() function to destroy and remove the icon from the system tray.

2.3 Toolbars

In this section I will cover how to add a toolbar to you window. I will first go over adding custom buttons from a bitmap file. The I will go over common buttons that are predefined.

2.3.1 Custom Buttons
Source - Screen Shot

Custom buttons are just a bitmap image that is devided up in 16x16 squares. In this next example, I use this bitmap file.

#include "section_2_3.h" IDB_TOOLBAR BITMAP "toolbar.bmp"

Here is our resource file.

#define IDC_TOOLBAR 1000 #define IDB_TOOLBAR 1001 #define IDM_BUTTON0 1002 #define IDM_BUTTON1 1003 #define IDM_BUTTON2 1004 #define IDM_BUTTON3 1005 #define IDM_BUTTON4 1006 #define IDM_BUTTON5 1007 #define IDM_BUTTON6 1008 #define IDM_BUTTON7 1009

This is our header file.

#include <windows.h> #include <commctrl.h> #include "section_2_3_1.h" LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); static char gszClassName[] = "MyWindowClass"; static HINSTANCE ghInstance = NULL; HWND ghToolBar; int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { WNDCLASSEX WndClass; HWND hwnd; MSG Msg; ghInstance = hInstance; WndClass.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); WndClass.style = NULL; WndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; WndClass.cbClsExtra = 0; WndClass.cbWndExtra = 0; WndClass.hInstance = ghInstance; WndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); WndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); WndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); WndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL; WndClass.lpszClassName = gszClassName; WndClass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); if(!RegisterClassEx(&WndClass)) { MessageBox(0, "Window Registration Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } hwnd = CreateWindowEx( WS_EX_STATICEDGE, gszClassName, "Windows Title", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 320, 240, NULL, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); if(hwnd == NULL) { MessageBox(0, "Window Creation Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow); UpdateWindow(hwnd); while(GetMessage(&Msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage(&Msg); DispatchMessage(&Msg); } return Msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { switch(Message) { case WM_CREATE: TBADDBITMAP tbAddBitmap; TBBUTTON tbButton[8]; InitCommonControls(); ghToolBar = CreateWindowEx( NULL, TOOLBARCLASSNAME, NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwnd, (HMENU)IDC_TOOLBAR, ghInstance, NULL); SendMessage(ghToolBar, TB_BUTTONSTRUCTSIZE, (WPARAM) sizeof(TBBUTTON), NULL); tbAddBitmap.hInst = ghInstance; tbAddBitmap.nID = IDB_TOOLBAR; SendMessage(ghToolBar, TB_ADDBITMAP, 0, (LPARAM) &tbAddBitmap); ZeroMemory(tbButton, sizeof(tbButton)); tbButton[0].iBitmap = 0; tbButton[0].fsState = TBSTATE_ENABLED; tbButton[0].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_BUTTON; tbButton[0].idCommand = IDM_BUTTON0; tbButton[1].iBitmap = 1; tbButton[1].fsState = TBSTATE_ENABLED; tbButton[1].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_BUTTON; tbButton[1].idCommand = IDM_BUTTON1; tbButton[2].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_SEP; tbButton[3].iBitmap = 2; tbButton[3].fsState = TBSTATE_ENABLED; tbButton[3].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_BUTTON; tbButton[3].idCommand = IDM_BUTTON2; tbButton[4].iBitmap = 3; tbButton[4].fsState = TBSTATE_ENABLED; tbButton[4].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_BUTTON; tbButton[4].idCommand = IDM_BUTTON3; tbButton[5].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_SEP; tbButton[6].iBitmap = 4; tbButton[6].fsState = TBSTATE_ENABLED; tbButton[6].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_BUTTON; tbButton[6].idCommand = IDM_BUTTON4; tbButton[7].iBitmap = 5; tbButton[7].fsState = TBSTATE_ENABLED; tbButton[7].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_BUTTON; tbButton[7].idCommand = IDM_BUTTON5; SendMessage(ghToolBar, TB_ADDBUTTONS, 8, (LPARAM) &tbButton); break; case WM_COMMAND: switch(LOWORD(wParam)) { case IDM_BUTTON0: case IDM_BUTTON1: case IDM_BUTTON2: case IDM_BUTTON3: case IDM_BUTTON4: case IDM_BUTTON5: MessageBox(hwnd, "A Button was clicked.", "Toolbar Message", MB_ICONINFORMATION | MB_OK); break; } break; case WM_SIZE: SendMessage(ghToolBar, TB_AUTOSIZE, 0, 0); break; case WM_CLOSE: DestroyWindow(hwnd); break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0); break; default: return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam); } return 0; }

You will notice that we added a new header file, commctrl.h, this is the header file use for common controls. Common controls are dialogs like Open, Save, Print, etc that many program use it is also a set of controls to make toolbars and statusbars we will get into common controls more in the next tutorial. We declare a TBADDBITMAP structure. The TBADDBITMAP structure adds a bitmap that contains button images to a toolbar. It has the following parameters:

hInst: Handle to the module instance with the executable file that contains a bitmap resource.
nID: Resource identifier of the bitmap resource that contains the button images.

We also added a TBBUTTON structure. This is an array of the settings for each button of our toolbar. The array size has to be the number of buttons in our toolbar including separators since they are considered buttons also. The TBBUTTON structure has the following parameters:

iBitmap

Zero-based index of button image.

idCommand

Command identifier associated with the button. This identifier is used in a WM_COMMAND message when the button is chosen.

fsState

This is the state of the button.

fsStyle

This is the style of the button.

dwData

Application-defined value.

iString

Zero-based index of button string.

Then you see we run the function InitCommonControls(), the InitCommonControls() function ensures that the common control dynamic-link library (DLL) is loaded and that we can use the common controls such as toolbars. The we create our toolbar with CreateWindowEx(). The we send our toolbar the message TB_BUTTONSTRUCTSIZE to tell the system how much space to allocate for our toolbar. The we set our TBADDBITMAP parameters and then send then to the toolbar with the message TB_ADDBITMAP. We use ZeroMemory() to make sure that there is no data in the tbButton structure. We then create 2 buttons then a separator and so on. Then at the end we send our tbButtons structure to the toolbar with the message TB_ADDBUTTONS. We also added a new message trap the WM_SIZE, this message is sent to the program everytime the user resizes the window. When the window is resized we need to tell the toolbar to move and adjust so we send it the TB_AUTOSIZE message.

2.3.2 Common Buttons
Source - Screen Shot

It would be a real pain if you had to make new New, Open, Save, etc. buttons for every application you write, so they came up with common buttons. Common buttons are buttons used by alot of apps. Below I have a common button program example, I will explain the new parts but its pretty much the same as the custom button example above.

#define IDC_TOOLBAR 1000 #define IDM_BUTTON0 1001 #define IDM_BUTTON1 1002 #define IDM_BUTTON2 1003 #define IDM_BUTTON3 1004 #define IDM_BUTTON4 1005 #define IDM_BUTTON5 1006 #define IDM_BUTTON6 1007 #define IDM_BUTTON7 1008

Our header file.

#include <windows.h> #include <commctrl.h> #include "section_2_3_2.h" LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); static char gszClassName[] = "MyWindowClass"; static HINSTANCE ghInstance = NULL; HWND ghToolBar; int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { WNDCLASSEX WndClass; HWND hwnd; MSG Msg; ghInstance = hInstance; WndClass.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); WndClass.style = NULL; WndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; WndClass.cbClsExtra = 0; WndClass.cbWndExtra = 0; WndClass.hInstance = ghInstance; WndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); WndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); WndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); WndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL; WndClass.lpszClassName = gszClassName; WndClass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); if(!RegisterClassEx(&WndClass)) { MessageBox(0, "Window Registration Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } hwnd = CreateWindowEx( WS_EX_STATICEDGE, gszClassName, "Windows Title", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 320, 240, NULL, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); if(hwnd == NULL) { MessageBox(0, "Window Creation Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow); UpdateWindow(hwnd); while(GetMessage(&Msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage(&Msg); DispatchMessage(&Msg); } return Msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { switch(Message) { case WM_CREATE: TBADDBITMAP tbAddBitmap; TBBUTTON tbButton[7]; InitCommonControls(); ghToolBar = CreateWindowEx( NULL, TOOLBARCLASSNAME, NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwnd, (HMENU)IDC_TOOLBAR, ghInstance, NULL); SendMessage(ghToolBar, TB_BUTTONSTRUCTSIZE, (WPARAM) sizeof(TBBUTTON), NULL); tbAddBitmap.hInst = HINST_COMMCTRL; tbAddBitmap.nID = IDB_STD_SMALL_COLOR; SendMessage(ghToolBar, TB_ADDBITMAP, 0, (LPARAM) &tbAddBitmap); ZeroMemory(tbButton, sizeof(tbButton)); tbButton[0].iBitmap = STD_FILENEW; tbButton[0].fsState = TBSTATE_ENABLED; tbButton[0].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_BUTTON; tbButton[0].idCommand = IDM_BUTTON0; tbButton[1].iBitmap = STD_FILEOPEN; tbButton[1].fsState = TBSTATE_ENABLED; tbButton[1].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_BUTTON; tbButton[1].idCommand = IDM_BUTTON1; tbButton[3].iBitmap = STD_FILESAVE; tbButton[3].fsState = TBSTATE_ENABLED; tbButton[3].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_BUTTON; tbButton[3].idCommand = IDM_BUTTON2; tbButton[5].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_SEP; tbButton[4].iBitmap = STD_CUT; tbButton[4].fsState = TBSTATE_ENABLED; tbButton[4].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_BUTTON; tbButton[4].idCommand = IDM_BUTTON3; tbButton[6].iBitmap = STD_COPY; tbButton[6].fsState = TBSTATE_ENABLED; tbButton[6].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_BUTTON; tbButton[6].idCommand = IDM_BUTTON4; tbButton[7].iBitmap = STD_PASTE; tbButton[7].fsState = TBSTATE_ENABLED; tbButton[7].fsStyle = TBSTYLE_BUTTON; tbButton[7].idCommand = IDM_BUTTON5; SendMessage(ghToolBar, TB_ADDBUTTONS, 7, (LPARAM) &tbButton); break; case WM_COMMAND: switch(LOWORD(wParam)) { case IDM_BUTTON0: case IDM_BUTTON1: case IDM_BUTTON2: case IDM_BUTTON3: case IDM_BUTTON4: case IDM_BUTTON5: MessageBox(hwnd, "A Button was clicked.", "Toolbar Message", MB_ICONINFORMATION | MB_OK); break; } break; case WM_SIZE: SendMessage(ghToolBar, TB_AUTOSIZE, 0, 0); break; case WM_CLOSE: DestroyWindow(hwnd); break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0); break; default: return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam); } return 0; }

As you can see not much overall has changed but the first thing you might notice is that tbAddBitmap.hInst is now set to HINST_COMMCTRL and that tbAddBitmap.nID is set to IDB_STD_SMALL_COLOR this just tell it to use the standard buttons and not a bitmap. And now our iBitmap is a STD_ and not a number. The STD_ is what our button will be like STD_COPY is the copy button. There is not much difference besides that.

2.4 Status Bars
Source - Screen Shot

We have all seen status bars. Most text editing programs have a statusbar. They can be very useful, but they can also be one of the most abused thing in windows programming.

#define IDC_STATBAR 1000

Our header file.

#include <windows.h> #include <commctrl.h> #include "section_2_4.h" LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); static char gszClassName[] = "MyWindowClass"; static HINSTANCE ghInstance = NULL; HWND ghStatBar; int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { WNDCLASSEX WndClass; HWND hwnd; MSG Msg; ghInstance = hInstance; WndClass.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); WndClass.style = NULL; WndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; WndClass.cbClsExtra = 0; WndClass.cbWndExtra = 0; WndClass.hInstance = ghInstance; WndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); WndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); WndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); WndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL; WndClass.lpszClassName = gszClassName; WndClass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); if(!RegisterClassEx(&WndClass)) { MessageBox(0, "Window Registration Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } hwnd = CreateWindowEx( WS_EX_STATICEDGE, gszClassName, "Windows Title", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 320, 240, NULL, NULL, ghInstance, NULL); if(hwnd == NULL) { MessageBox(0, "Window Creation Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONSTOP | MB_OK); return 0; } ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow); UpdateWindow(hwnd); while(GetMessage(&Msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage(&Msg); DispatchMessage(&Msg); } return Msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { switch(Message) { case WM_CREATE: int iBarWidths[] = {100, 200, 300, -1}; InitCommonControls(); ghStatBar = CreateWindowEx( NULL, TOOLBARCLASSNAME, NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwnd, (HMENU)IDC_TOOLBAR, ghInstance, NULL); SendMessage(ghStatBar, SB_SETPARTS, 4, (LPARAM) iBarWidths); SendMessage(ghStatBar, SB_SETTEXT, 0, (LPARAM) "Part 1"); SendMessage(ghStatBar, SB_SETTEXT, 1, (LPARAM) "Part 2"); SendMessage(ghStatBar, SB_SETTEXT, 2, (LPARAM) "Part 3"); SendMessage(ghStatBar, SB_SETTEXT, 3, (LPARAM) "Part 4"); break; case WM_SIZE: SendMessage(ghStatBar, WM_SIZE, 0, 0); break; case WM_CLOSE: DestroyWindow(hwnd); break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0); break; default: return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam); } return 0; }

You will see I defined a array of integers at the top of WM_CREATE these are the widths of the sections we will break the statusbar into. A value of -1 will take up the remaining space. Then we create our statusbar with CreateWindowEx(). We then send our statusbar the widths with the message SB_SETPARTS the WPARAM is how many parts we will brak it into. The we set some text fo the parts with the message SB_SETTEXT. The WPARAM of SB_SETTEXT is the zero-based index of the part. When we received the windows you will see in the WM_SIZE trap that we send the statusbar the WM_SIZE message that we just received so it can adjust properly.

Appendix

A. The Compiler

I like most of you are pretty low on cash most of the time. So I use a free compiler from Borland. I also use the old Borland 5.02 the last one with an IDE. I also got my hands on a copy of Visual C++ 6 ( not going to say how) which I didn't find all that great and pretty intrusive. All of the examples in this tutorial were compiled with the Borland Free Compiler v5.5 check the tools section for a link to where you can download it. After you get the compiler set up correctly just open up a command line and browse to where you unziped the tutorials. The compile using:

C:\Cpp\tutorial\examples\section_1_2> bcc32 -tW section_1_2.cpp

The -tW parameter tells the compiler to link to the windows library and make a windows application and not a dos application. Some of the more complicated examples have a makefile.mak file, this is a make file. Just browse to that directory and type "make" (without quotes) to compile that example. I do not support people who e-mail me about Dev-C++. Personally I do not like that program. The IDE is great but the compiler is probably the worst I have ever used. So just use the program for an IDE and the use Borland for a compiler its what I did for a while until I found a better IDE (its listed in the tools section).

B. Tools

Every great programmer has to have a few good tools he uses. The first being his compiler and IDE. Here I have listed a few tools I find that might be useful.

Borland Free 5.5 Compiler - A great overall windows compiler, and its FREE!
MultiEdit - A good overall IDE that I use all the time
Komodo - Another really good IDE that I find myself using alot
Win API Reference - You cannot consider yourself a windows programmer unless you have this, it is a must have!
LCC-Win32 - A fairly nice compiler with a user interface and a good resource editor

That probably pretty much covers it for the major tools I would recommend.

C. Links

These are a few sights I find invaluable to learning programming of any type.

Microsoft Developers Network - Still one of the best resource for Windows API Programming
Planet Source Code - Tons of free example code
Code Box - A great place no matter what language you learn
Programmers Heaven - Great Place the name says it all
#winprog - A great site I found when I first started programming
CProgramming.com - A really nice site if you are just starting programming or need a refresher course
Windows API Reference - This is the Windows API help fle that comes with the old Borland 5.2 Compiler, this is a must for ever programmer

I am sure there are alot more so if you think of any I missed e-mail me.

D. Shoutouts

Wow I can't believe I finaly got this thing done. I hope this tutorial has helped you all. I am looking forward to writing another one. To go over even more advanced topics. I would like to give shout outs to all my felow Blacksun Research Facility Members especialy Mikkkeee, DigitalFallout, Cyberwolf, and SpiderMan. Also To all of those of you in #bsrf, #neworder, #linux, and #code who wouldn't shut up until we help you with your questions :) And especially to cube and the rest of the Box Network Team for the great job they have done.

AZTEK